This decision concerns the fate of an international application that should have entered the European phase on December 6, 2011. As the applicant did not take any action, the EPO issued a communication of loss of rights on January 13, 2012.
By letter dated March 2, 2012, the applicant requested interruption of the proceedings under R 142(1)(b) EPC. The applicant submitted that a County Court Judgment by the Northampton County Court (“the CCJ”) had been issued on August 11, 2008 – erroneously – against the applicant, which judgment the applicant had not been aware of. This circumstance only surfaced much later when the applicant company had applied for a bank loan, which had been refused due to the company’s adverse credit rating, this latter being the direct consequence of the CCJ. The applicant, not having been able to raise sufficient funds, had not been able either to enter the regional phase before the EPO.
The Legal Division (LD) of the EPO refused to interrupt the proceedings. It held that neither the CCJ nor the refusal of the loan application could be considered to be an action against the property of the applicant. Further, it had not been shown that the applicant had been prevented by legal reasons from acting, in the sense that it had not been shown that the applicant had been in a situation in which it had been factually and legally impossible for it to continue the proceedings.
The applicant filed an appeal. It argued that all the conditions for an interruption as established by the case law of the Boards of Appeal were given. Though the fee payment would not have been legally impossible, the appellant actually had been unable to pay, and this actual inability to pay had been a direct consequence of the CCJ, clearly a legal action against the appellant company. Evidence was presented that the inability to pay had not been limited to the EPO fees, but to all other financial obligations of the company, so that it had indeed been factually and legally impossible to continue the proceedings before the EPO. The applicant further submitted that the present case was highly exceptional in that the legal action had been erroneously issued against the appellant company, due to similar company names. In this manner the applicant was a victim of a miscarriage of justice. The EPO had a wide discretion in establishing whether an interruption occurred. This exceptional circumstance had to be given weight, given its disastrous and unjust effect on the applicant.
Interruption of proceedings
[2] R 142(1)(b) provides that:
Proceedings before the EPO shall be interrupted … in the event of the applicant (condition A), as a result of some action taken against his property (condition C), being prevented by legal reasons (condition B) from continuing the proceedings.
[3] An examination of the question of interruption based on these three conditions A, B and C was developed by the Legal Board in its decisions J 9/94 and J 10/94. These criteria are helpful whenever the applicability of the rule is not immediately apparent. The cases underlying decisions J 9/94 and J 10/94 concerned a situation in which the action – an order by a French Court to freeze the accounts of the appellant company – at least formally did not affect the legal capacity of the appellant. Otherwise the freezing of the accounts resulted de facto in the insolvency of the appellant company. To that extent, there are certain similarities to the case before the Board. Given that the appellant also argues along these lines, the present Board finds the examination of these three conditions to be a suitable approach in determining whether the interruption of the proceedings should be established in the present case.
[4] The three conditions A,B and C were also examined by the LD following the ratio decidendi of the aforementioned decisions J 9/94 and J 10/94. The LD concluded that neither condition B nor C was met, and that therefore the proceedings were not to be interrupted under R 142(1)(b).
[5] The Board essentially concurs with the opinion of the LD that neither condition B nor condition C is met in the present case, i.e. the chain of events presented by the appellant cannot be subsumed under the conditions required by R 142(1)(b) in order to establish that the proceedings were interrupted.
[6] The present case hinges on the question whether the factual and legal impossibility of continuing the proceedings, i.e. that the party was prevented from continuing, can be considered to be the result of the legal action (condition C). The appellant contends that this is the case, because the CCJ was undoubtedly the cause of the adverse credit rating, which then directly resulted in the appellant company being left without any financial means.
[7] This Board holds that the correct interpretation of R 142(1)(b) requires there to be a close relationship between the action taken against the property of the applicant and the condition that this action should be the cause of the applicant being prevented by legal reasons from continuing the proceedings (in the English wording of the Rule: “as a result of some action …”). This requirement of causality between conditions B and C is normally fulfilled only if the “action” is a legal action (which does not appear to be disputed in the present case), and it is directed against the property of the applicant (Vermögen, biens) as a whole, i.e. against the totality of the applicant’s assets (such as a company going into receivership, etc.). Put differently, the legal action is not just any action having some, even serious, effect on the financial situation of the applicant, but must be one with a legal effect which directly and immediately prevents the applicant from proceeding, effectively causing a situation which is comparable to the legal incapacity or death of natural persons (R 142(1)(a)). Typically, the fact that the legal action is directed against the totality of the assets will be clear from the legal effect of the legal action, such as the legal effect of a court order, or an order issued by some other legal authority.
[8] In the present case, it is clear that the legal action, the CCJ, was not at all directed against the totality of the assets of the appellant, but merely ordered the payment of a specified amount (GBP 520.72, for an only partially paid invoice of a public utility company and related costs). It did not have any other legal effects. The fact that the CCJ was erroneously issued against the appellant company is immaterial for this finding. Likewise, the separate decisions of two banks to refuse the opening of a credit line cannot be regarded as an action with a legal effect, even if their other related effects may well have had a bearing, even a significant one, on (the future fate of) the property of the appellant. The refusal of a loan application does not alter the legal situation of the appellant. At most, it makes clear that for it as a potential client no legal effects, such as contractual obligations of the client towards the bank, came into existence. In particular, it has no legal effect on the (existing) property of the customer. Nor is the legal character of such a loan application refusal established by the fact that a bank may offer a possibility of “appealing” the decision […], such an “appeal” apparently resulting in a further internal review by the bank, but not in genuine legal proceedings.
[9] Thus the LD was correct in finding that neither the CCJ nor the rejection of the loan application could be considered to be an “action” falling under R 142(1)(b), in the sense that neither of these actions can be considered an action taken against the property of the applicant. In the absence of such an action, R 142(1)(b) cannot be applied.
[10] Contrary to the opinion of the appellant, neither the LD nor the Board of Appeal has any discretion in the application of R 142(1)(b), but is rather obliged to interpret the rule on an objective basis and to apply it to the facts before it. Accordingly, there is no room to compensate the appellant for injustice suffered by means of a generous application of this rule, however exceptional its situation may be.
[11] Under these circumstances, the question whether the applicant was prevented by “legal reasons” from continuing the proceedings, i.e. whether its difficult financial situation indeed amounted to legal and factual impossibility per se and whether this was sufficiently proven, need not be answered. Even if this were to be accepted for the benefit of the appellant, such legal impossibility would not have been caused by the presumed “action” as required by R 142(1)(b), but by the fact that from the outset the appellant did not have the financial means to continue the proceedings.
Reimbursement of the appeal fee
[12] In his response to the communication of the Board […], the representative submitted that either the LD was wrong to refuse the request for interruption, which then amounted to a substantial procedural violation, or, if the LD was correct, this effectively meant that the European patent application never came into existence, so that the appeal fee could not have been validly paid.
[13] Neither of these arguments can justify a reimbursement of the appeal fee. Reimbursement is primarily granted if the appeal is allowed (R 103(1)(a)), and this is not the case here. Furthermore, no special circumstances are apparent to the Board which could support the reimbursement even though the appeal is not allowed.
The final non-existence of the European patent application in a substantive sense is not relevant, and does not mean in itself that the appeal proceedings did not come into existence either (as opposed to the legal fiction of non-existence when an appeal is deemed not to have been filed, see A 108, second sentence). In fact, this situation regularly arises in proceedings before the EPO, e.g. where a decision of the Receiving Section not to accord a filing date is appealed.
[14] Accordingly, the request for the reimbursement of the appeal fee cannot be allowed. […]
The appeal is dismissed.
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