T 2359/09 – Baring The Teeth

Claim 1 of the main request before the Board read (the amendments with respect to claim 1 as filed are marked):

Apparatus for displacing objects (10) which can be picked up, comprising:

- a fork-like member (2) provided with mutually adjacent teeth (3) and only one flexible carrier (4) arranged on each tooth (3), said flexible carriers (4) being drivable in longitudinal direction of the teeth (3) and being adapted for picking up the objects between the teeth (3),

- transporting means connected to this the fork-like member (2),

- moving means for moving the fork-like member (2) vertically, and

- control means for controlling the transporting and moving means,

characterized in that at least one pair of mutually adjacent teeth of the fork-like member is equipped with one flexible carrier arranged on each tooth and drivable in longitudinal direction of the tooth the fork-like member (2) comprises at least three teeth (3) each having the flexible carrier (4) arranged on a horizontal side thereof.

In what follows, the Board examines whether the requirements of A 123(2) are fulfilled:

[2.1] The patent is concerned with lifting objects, in particular pots, to then put them down with a different spacing […]. This is achieved basically using a fork-lift with a fork-like member that has a flexible carrier such as a belt or a chain on each tooth and driven along its length. The application as filed included claims to the apparatus and its method of operation.

Original claim 1 identified the fork-like member, means for moving it vertically and transporting means both under control of a control means. The characterizing part of the claim stated that “at least one pair of mutually adjacent teeth of the fork-like member is equipped with one flexible carrier arranged on each tooth and drivable in longitudinal direction of the tooth”.

In the proceedings leading up to grant claim 1 was amended to include the new requirement of the carriers “being adapted for picking up the objects between the teeth”. The characterizing part further includes new requirements that the fork-like member comprises “at least three teeth”, “each having the flexible carrier arranged on a horizontal side thereof”.

[2.2] These features have no literal basis in the application as filed as acknowledged by the Respondent-Proprietor. Rather, they are said to derive from figure 2 of the application as filed. This figure would show the “basic minimum unit” embodying the invention. Figure 2 is shown below.

According to as filed description page 2, lines 24 to 26, this figure is a “cross-section of three teeth”. Further page 5, lines 19 to 22, states: “objects for moving are for instance flower pots 10 with the edge 11 which can be picked up between teeth 3, wherein the edges 11 support on carriers 4 as shown in figure 2”. The Board notes there is no reference sign 11 in figure 2, but it easily infers that these “edges 11” refer to the edges of the rims of the pots 10, by which they are shown resting on the carrier 4.

Figure 2 considered in conjunction with the accompanying text is seen to show 3 adjacent teeth with two pots between each pair of adjacent teeth. The carrier 4, shown hatched, extends across the full width of the top and bottom of the cross-section of each of the three teeth 3. The rims of the pots rest on the edges of the carrier 4 on the top of the teeth and are supported thereby.

[2.3] When the Board compares the features said to be added to claim 1 from figure 2 with what is actually shown in figure 2 considered in conjunction with the corresponding passages it notes that not all features shown have been included in claim 1, and if they have been they are phrased in much broader terms. Thus, claim 1 does not require the teeth to be adjacent. Rather than stating that the carrier runs over top and bottom of the tooth it is “arranged on a horizontal side”, while the fact that the carrier on the top of the tooth extends over its entire width of the tooth so as to support the pot by its rim is replaced by the carrier “being adapted for picking up objects between the teeth”. Additionally, that there should be at least three teeth, where figure 2 shows exactly three can have no basis in the figure itself.

[2.4] The Board is unable to find a basis in the application as filed for these omissions and generalizations of features of figure 2, nor for the added requirement of at least three teeth.

[2.4.1] It is well-established in jurisprudence that the inclusion in a claim of some but not all features from a given context is only justified in the absence of any clearly recognizable functional or structural relationship among the features, see e.g. Case Law of the Boards of Appeal of the EPO, 6th edition, 2010, section III.A.2, and decisions T 1067/97, T 25/03, T 1408/04 cited therein. This applies not only to features isolated from a given context in the description but also when taken from figures, see T 191/93.

[2.4.2] Applying this approach to the present case the Board finds that in figure 2 the fact that the three teeth are adjacent is clearly functionally important in that it allows the pots to be picked up between them. Similarly, the carriers in figure 2 are only seen to fulfil their function of carrying the pots if they extend across the width of the individual teeth so that the pot rims can rest on them. Finally, if the Board reads figure 2 in conjunction with figure 1 as would the skilled person, it finds that the carrier’s longitudinal movement is due to the fact that it runs around the tooth over its top and bottom surfaces as shown by the hatched areas on the top and bottom of the cross-section of the tooth 3 in figure 2. The Board concludes that these various features are closely linked together in terms of function and structure. The features are thus taught together, in close combination. Introducing only selected ones but not others represents a new teaching which encompasses new embodiments that the skilled person would not have considered when reading the original disclosure. These include, for example, fork-like members with the three teeth separated by teeth without a carrier, or a with a carrier not on its horizontal side; members with teeth bearing carriers that do not extend across the width of the tooth; or members with teeth that have carriers arranged only on the top or the bottom on the tooth.

[2.4.3] It is not enough to state, as does granted claim 1, that the carrier is on a “horizontal side” of the tooth, or that it is “adapted for picking up objects between the teeth”. Leaving aside what is exactly meant by “horizontal” in this context, the former formulation allows for the carrier to be arranged on only one side, which can be either top or bottom of the tooth, while the latter does not limit in any way the particular features of the carrier that allow it to support the objects. Both formulations are much broader than is justified by figure 2 alone. Nor is there any basis for such a broad formulation in any other part of the original disclosure. Figures 1 and 3 show the carrier in belt form running around the length of the teeth, on top and bottom and matching its width. Figure 4 illustrates in cross-section a single tooth with chain-like carrier again extending both on top and bottom. How the objects are supported is unclear.

[2.4.4] Finally, the original application teaches “at least one pair” of teeth, see claim 1, and gives specific examples of eight, six and three teeth (figures 1, 5A and 2 respectively). There is no indication anywhere that three would represent a technically significant minimum for the number of teeth, either in relation to the application’s original idea or in any other context. The original idea was to have on each tooth one carrier drivable along it, which would allow variation of the distance between pots adjusting the speed of the carrier, see the bridging paragraph of as filed description pages 1 and 2. Apart from the requirement that there should be a minimum of two teeth to be able to pick up a pot, whether there are three, six or eight teeth plays no role. By specifying three as a minimum in granted claim 1 that number acquires a significance it did not have in the original teaching, thus also adding information.

[2.5] The Respondent-Proprietor relying on T 404/03 has argued that claim 1 incorporates only the essential features of the “basic minimum unit” which the skilled person will recognize in figure 2.

[2.5.1] T 404/03 [10-11] considers the broader application of the essentiality test, developed in T 331/87 for assessing the omission of a feature from an independent claim, to the generalization or isolation of a feature disclosed in a specific context in dependent claims or description. This three point test is concerned with what the skilled person perceives as essential and what not in a claimed constellation of features. This is the main criterion proposed there for deciding whether omission of a feature does not add subject-matter.

[2.5.2] The above argument based on the essentiality test presumes first and foremost that the skilled person perceives figure 2 in the totality of the original disclosure as embodying the essence of the invention. The Board is however unable to find any indication in the application as filed that figure 2 might be special in any way over and above the other figures. Its sole purpose is to illustrate one aspect among others of the application’s teaching, namely how pots, the particular objects of interest, can be supported on the carrier via their rims. Page 4, lines 24 to 26, identifies the figure as nothing more than a “cross-section .... of an embodiment” of the invention. That invention is stated in claim 1 as filed and is also outlined in the paragraph bridging pages 1 and 2 as the idea of having one carrier arranged on each tooth and drivable along the tooth, which would allow the distance between objects to be varied in response to variation of the carrier speed, see also as filed claim 12. It differs markedly from the one given in granted claim 1 which gives the number of teeth and the horizontal placement of the carrier centre stage.

[2.5.3] Even assuming that the skilled person had read figure 2 as special, the Board is unconvinced that he would have been able to distinguish between features that are and ones that are not essential. All the features shown therein appear to contribute equally to the way the pots are picked up, and no one feature is given greater significance over any other. Nor is this evident anywhere in the text of the description or when considering figure 2 together with the other figures.

[2.6] In the light of the above the Board concludes that claim 1 as granted extends beyond the content of the application as filed, contrary to A 100(c).

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